What is the State of My Mind? – 37 Practices – Session 21

As a bodhisattva, it is important to always practice with mindfulness and attentiveness. Verses 34 through 37 of Ngulchu Tokmé’s 37 Practices of a Bodhisattva bring us to the heart of our practice, Acharya Lhakpa Tshering said. Otherwise, we will not be able to achieve our goal: clearing away the suffering of limitless. 

Śamatha Practice and the Intention to Benefit

Buddha Śākyamuni taught that at the beginning of any activity, it is important for us to give rise to the intention to attain the state of buddhahood for the benefit of everyone, near and far, excluding no one. Furthermore, in order to benefit ourselves and others, we need a workable mind. For that reason, the practice of śamatha is vitally important.

When we look around us or watch the news, we may feel we are not able to directly benefit certain individuals or groups.However, we can connect with the aspiration for our practice to be of benefit to them as well. We could think to ourselves, “In the long term, may my practice today be a cause for being able to benefit you as well.” With this thought in mind, we practiced śamatha together. 

Words Like Honey and Flowers

Following our practice of calm-abiding meditation, our resident teacher, Acharya Lhakpa Tshering, continued his commentary on Ngulchu Tokme’s 37 Practices of a Bodhisattva, starting with verse 34: 

“Harsh words disturb the minds of others
And cause bodhisattva activity to diminish. 
Therefore, to abandon harsh words that
Are unpleasant to others is the practice of a bodhisattva.”
(Quoted from A Guide to the Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva, translated by Christopher Stagg)

At the heart of the training of a bodhisattva, Acharya reminded us, is to practice for the benefit of others. If we speak harsh words to others, not only will we harm them, but it will also cause our training to weaken or deteriorate. He referred to the noble Nāgārjuna’s advice to his friend, king Surabhibhadra: always speak in a pleasant way, using words that are like honey or flowers. 

Using the example of parents and their children, Acharya also indicated that this does not necessarily mean we never speak harsh words. As taught in the Mahāyāna teachings, if our intention is to benefit the other, and we are confident our action would accomplish that, we can do so. In this way, it is possible that using harsh words could be beneficial. 

Yet, the main point made by Ngulchu Tokmé is to abandon harsh words. Our resident teacher said that we all know from our own experience why this is the case. And Buddha Śākyamuni also taught we could take ourselves as a reference point. In the words of Acharya: 

“Just as you would not wish to be harmed by others, do not harm others. When harsh words are spoken to you, they hurt. Therefore, those who follow the path of compassion–bodhisattvas–avoid using harsh words.” 

Not Losing the Chance to Attain Liberation

As beginner practitioners, we may not be able to act perfectly. Yet, gradually, we learn and get closer to our goal. This also applies to the next verse, 35: 

“When the afflictions are habitual, they are hard to cast away with antidotes. 
Therefore, with mindfulness and attentiveness, wielding the weapon of the antidote,
To crush the mental afflictions, such as attachment, 
When they first arise is the practice of a bodhisattva.”

Due to our habits, it is very difficult if not impossible to abandon the root of all afflictions–grasping at a self. This fundamental form of ignorance, Acharya said, is likened by the great bodhisattva Śāntideva to a king, with the other mental afflictions being similar to ministers and soldiers. Given the great power of a king, it is not easy to defeat him right away. Therefore, we fight with the others first. 

Along the same lines, Dzatrul Ngawang Tenzin Norbu in A Guide to the Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva, speaks about defeating enemies–the mental afflictions–using our weapons–the antidotes. While examples of war and fighting are somewhat problematic, the meaning behind them speaks directly to the point, Acharya said: 

“If we lose our sword in battle, we risk losing our life. In the same way, if we lose our mindfulness and attentiveness, we risk losing the opportunity to attain liberation and the state of omniscience. Therefore, bodhisattvas should always be mindful and alert.” 

This is the meaning we should keep in mind. 

Check and Balances

The next verse, 36, points to the very heart of all the preceding practices and reads as follows:

“In short, in whatever you are doing,
To always, with mindfulness and attentiveness, 
Ask yourself, “What is the state of my mind?” 
And accomplish the benefit of others is the practice of a bodhisattva.”

The practices of a bodhisattva, Acharya reminded us, are summarized by the six perfections or pāramitās. With the intention to benefit others, this is what our conduct should be like. In addition, Ngulchu Tokmé points to the necessity of mindfulness and attentiveness. We can see these, Acharya explained, as our checks and balances. Is our intention indeed to benefit others? Do we remember our practice? While the quality of mindfulness is able to recollect the teachings when we forget, attentiveness helps us to prolong or keep this awareness in place. 

Letting Go to Attain Buddhahood For the Benefit of Others

The 37th verse shows the dedication, as a final practice: 

“As to these virtues, accomplished through diligence: 
To dedicate them to enlightenment with the wisdom free of the three spheres
In order to clear away the suffering
Of limitless beings is the practice of a bodhisattva.” 

Bodhisattvas seek to attain buddhahood for the sake of all sentient beings. To this end, we practice the six perfections to accumulate merit and wisdom. As Acharya explained during previous sessions, some of the pāramitās are to gather merit, while others contribute to the gathering of wisdom. In this verse, he explained, Ngulchu Tokmé points again to the wisdom that we need: the wisdom that is free of the three spheres. 

Basically, Acharya taught, this means we need to let go. Illustrating this with the example of generosity, he pointed out how we usually link the notion of ourselves as the agent, our action, and the receiver of our action, together. In this way, he continued, we get bound to self-fixation and conceptualization. This keeps us in the world of suffering. Therefore, we let go of thinking in terms of these three spheres. 

This contributes to accumulating wisdom. Together with the accumulation of merit, this will help us achieve our goal, as taught by Ngulchu Tokmé: “[…] to clear away the suffering of limitless beings.” 

To conclude, we dedicated our merit and Acharya warmly invited everyone to join us again next Sunday to continue our study and practice.

In Harmony With the Dharma – 37 Practices – Session 20

Instead of looking at others or clinging to one of the eight worldly dharmas, what we really should examine is our own minds and clear away all confusion. Practicing in harmony with the dharma is the main point, Acharya Lhakpa Tshering said, of verse 30 through 32 of Ngulchu Tokmé’s 37 Practices of a Bodhisattva. What do these instructions tell us about what to abandon? 

For the Benefit of Those Near and Far

As usual, we begin our session by cultivating or generating the heart of awakening–bodhicitta. We can bring to mind the pain, sorrow, and suffering of those in our immediate surroundings: our friends, family, neighbors, and surrounding community. In addition, we can think of everyone, individuals, groups, and entire nations, who suffer due to natural disasters or human-made conflict. 

We always start our session with the practice of śamatha (calm-abiding meditation) with the clearly felt intention to achieve freedom, well-being, and liberation, for the benefit of ourselves and all those beings, human and non-human alike, near and far, without exceptions.  

Dharmic Actions

Our resident teacher continued his commentary by starting with the 31st verse: 

“If you do not examine your own confusion, 
You may, under the guise of dharma, do non-dharmic things. 
Therefore, through continual examination, 
To abandon one’s confusion is the practice of a bodhisattva.”
(Quoted from A Guide to the Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva, translated by Christopher Stagg) 

The main point of this verse, Acharya explained, is that we need to examine our own confusion. This means that we need to look carefully at our actions of body, speech, and mind–the three doors. Are they corrupted by attachment, anger, or ignorance–the three poisons? If so, he said, we may engage in the practice of the six perfections discussed before this verse, but it only looks dharmic on the outside without it being dharmic on the inside. This is also taught by Dagpo Rinpoche (Gampopa) in Precious Garland of the Supreme Path

“You may have entered the gate of the dharma with faith, but if you don’t practice in accordance with the dharma, it will set up the causes for going back to the lower realms, and there will be no benefit.”

Further illustrated with examples from everyday life, Acharya explained that practicing in accordance with the dharma means we need to continuously examine our own confusion. Instead of looking at others, we should be mindful and pay careful attention to our own actions. It is very important to do so throughout the day, both during formal meditation practice and post-meditation. This, Acharya stressed, is the practice of a bodhisattva. 

Clearing the Confusion of All Beings

The next verse, 32, makes a similar point as the previous one. It reads: 

“If, under the power of the afflictive emotions, 
I speak of the faults of another bodhisattva, I diminish myself. 
Therefore, to not point out the faults of those who have  
Entered the Mahayana is the practice of a bodhisattva.”

Through sharing a story about a disciple of the great master and well-known teacher of Dzogchen Monastery, Paltrül Rinpoche (1808-1887), and how to practice patience, Acharya further highlighted the importance of working with our own minds instead of looking at and trying to change the minds of others. 

We could move away from things and beings that trigger our habitual tendencies. We could even attempt to eliminate all confusion by pointing out the faults of others. Yet, since the number of sentient beings extends as far as the ends of space, this approach is pointless. Furthermore, if we speak of the faults under the power of mental afflictions, it will only harm them, and our own practice will diminish. 

Therefore, we need to control our own minds and remove poisons, like attachment, from our mindstream. In fact, it is taught that clearing our own confusion becomes the clearing of confusion for all beings, limitless as the sky. 

Abandoning the Eight Worldly Dharmas

The previous two verses speak about abandoning our confusion through the lens of the three poisons. The following verse, 33, does so from the perspective of the eight worldly dharmas by using the example of honor and gain: 

“Due to honor and gain, we fight with each other
And the activities of hearing, contemplating, and meditating diminish. 
Therefore, to abandon attachment to the homes of
Benefactors and loved ones is the practice of a bodhisattva.” 

There are eight worldly dharmas or concerns: gain and loss, fame and lack of fame, praise and blame, pleasure and sorrow. Using the pair of praise and blame as an example, Acharya explained the common underlying pattern: we like the one (e.g. praise) and dislike the other (e.g. blame). A bodhisattva, he continued, attaches little value to either and takes an attitude of equanimity: 

“If we get carried away with such temporary things like praise and blame and attach great value to them, our activities of hearing, contemplating, and meditating, will diminish. Therefore, we should neither hold strongly to things we like nor to things we dislike. This is the practice of a bodhisattva.” 

We might be a great king or ruler holding to all subjects in the kingdom or someone who has gone forth yet remains attached to benefactors from the lay community. Bodhisattvas, who can be found among all of them, and regardless of their position or the object, abandon any kind of attachment, without exception. Abandoning our attachment is yet another example taught by Ngulchu Tokmé of what we need to let go of. 

To conclude, we dedicated the merit. 

Karmapa Khyenno!

Finding Our Way Out – 37 Practices – Session 19

While there may be various methods and paths in the tradition of buddhadharmāḥ (teaching of the Buddha), Acharya Lhakpa pointed out that their intention is the same: obtaining the state of buddhahood. What role does meditation play and what is the practice of wisdom from the perspective of the heroic path of a bodhisattva? This is shown by Ngulchu Tokmé in verses 29 and 30 of his 37 Practices of a Bodhisattva

Calm-abiding Meditation: Letting Go of Resistance

At the beginning of our practice of śamatha (calm-abiding meditation), we connect with the aspiration to obtain genuine freedom and wellbeing for the sake of all beings, and carefully pay attention to our posture of body. During this session, the emphasis was on the way we relate to the things appearing to our senses, be it seemingly outer objects or what we experience on the inside. 

Whatever appears, in the practice of śamatha we do not resist. In other words, we accept or embrace whatever appears to mind and bring our attention back to this present moment. In this way, we can tame and train the mind in order to perfect the actions (pāramitās) of a bodhisattva. 

Three Vehicles: Different Methods, Same Intention

As a dharma practitioner, we may come across different teachings and methods. Sometimes it may even seem that they are contradictory. However, our resident teacher, Acharya Lhakpa, stressed, “no matter how many different methods are taught, their intention is the same.” This intention is expressed by the following words of Buddha Śākyamuni, as recorded in the Sūtras: 

“Know suffering. Abandon the causes of suffering. Attain the result. Rely on the path.” 

This is the basic shared principle of the three vehicles–Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna. At the same time, the focus or outlook and method of these three is different: 

  • On the path of the Hīnayāna, the focus is to be personally liberated from the suffering of saṃsāra;
  • On the path of the Mahāyāna, we not only seek individual liberation but seek complete enlightenment for the benefit of everyone; 
  • On the path of the Vajrayāna, enlightenment is taught to be present already, right here, and not something to be attained at a later time. The focus here is: How to recognize or reveal that? 

So, while the destination of the path can be considered the same, the methods, and therefore the paths, are somewhat different. 

Śamatha (calm-abiding) and Vipaśyanā (special insight)

With this understanding in mind, Acharya turned towards verse 29 of Ngulchu Tokmé’s 37 Practices of a Bodhisattva, which reads: 

“Knowing that through superior insight endowed with thorough calm abiding;
The mental afflictions are completely subdued,
To meditate with the concentration that perfectly goes beyond
The four formless states is the practice of a bodhisattva.”(Quoted from: A Guide to the Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva, translated by Christopher Stagg) 

This verse shows the fifth pāramitā: meditative absorption or concentration. While the different vehicles contain many meditation techniques, these can be all grouped together under two types of meditation: śamatha (calm-abiding) and vipaśyanā (special insight). Referring to the etymological meaning of the Sanskrit terms, Acharya explained these as follows: 

  • Calm-abiding or meditative calm means that we do not get distracted by outer objects like forms, sounds, smells, and so forth, nor by the afflictive emotions that disturbs us within. While we usually think we are in control of our own mind, when we start to engage in the practice of śamatha, we discover that we don’t really have a good sense of the working and nature of the mind. Through regular practice, even if just five or ten minutes a day, we will increasingly be able to concentrate and abide in a state of calmness. 
  • The technique called Special Insight means we start to analyze reality. Are the objects of our senses, like a pen we can see with our eyes, inherently existent and truly established? If we look carefully, we will be able to discover that things are not as they appear. We will realize that all phenomena are dependent upon one another, and the names we attach to them are merely imputations. This is true for something we label as pen, be it long or short, as well as whom we consider enemies and friends, including yourself! 

In all three vehicles, these two types of meditation need to be practiced together. 

The Four Formless States

Combining Calm-Abiding and Special Insight, the ability of the mind to concentrate and remain on the same object over long periods of time, will increase and take us to the four formless states referenced by Ngulchu Tokmé. These are states of concentration of meditative absorption in which we perceive phenomena differently than usual: 

  1. The sense field of infinite space;
  2. The sense field of infinite consciousness;
  3. The sense field of nothing-at-all, and; 
  4. Neither perception nor non-perception. 

While the practice of śamatha and vipaśyanā will enable us to move to these higher states of meditative absorption, Acharya emphasized that these are all still within the world of suffering. The practice of a bodhisattva, he explained, is to go even further and leave saṃsāra behind completely. This is why Ngulchu Tokmé writes that “to meditate with the concentration that perfectly goes beyond / the four formless states is the practice of a bodhisattva.”

Preliminary or Preparations for Prajñā (Wisdom)

In the next verse, verse 30, Ngulchu Tokmé points to the sixth and last perfection: prajñā (wisdom or superior knowledge): 

“Without prajñā, the five pāramitās
Cannot accomplish perfect enlightenment. 
Therefore, to meditate on the prajñā that is endowed with means
And does not conceive the three spheres is the practice of a bodhisattva.” 

While prajñā is taught to be the most important pāramitā and what we are ultimately looking for, Acharya pointed out that this verse shows that there is no chance for wisdom to arise without meditation. Therefore, he said, we can think of meditation as the preliminary or preparatory practice which is indispensable. 

Furthermore, as pointed out in earlier sessions, for meditation to go well, we need to perfect diligence first. Diligence will only come about through the practice of patience. Patience, in turn, depends on discipline. Before discipline, first of all, we need to engage in the perfection of generosity. Thus, wisdom depends on all the preceding five pāramitās. “Without them,” Acharya said, “we will not be able to attain wisdom.” 

Transcending the Three Spheres

Understanding the practice of the bodhisattvas in this way, the last two lines of the verse on prajñā also show the main purpose of dharma practice: The realization of the wisdom of selflessness. 

First of all, we need to understand what is meant by the three spheres. Illustrating this with links that are connected with each other and becoming a chain that binds us to saṃsāra, the three spheres basically refer to the deeply habituated mind that holds on to a truly existing self. As a consequence, we conceive of three “spheres”: an agent, action, and object. For example, when practicing generosity, we usually think of ourselves as the subject (agent) who engages in the act of giving (action) and someone considered to be the recipient (object). 

It is precisely the conceptualization of these three spheres that we are seeking to abandon through the practice of wisdom. “This is what we are transcending, what we need to let go,” Acharya said. Therefore, he continued, “the practice of wisdom is that of letting go of the three spheres. If we try to hold on to those spheres, we will continue to be bound to saṃsāra. This is like getting lost in a maze or labyrinth.” The practice of wisdom, then, can be understood as finding the way out. 

Acharya concluded our session by expressing his gratitude to all present, wishing everyone to have a wonderful day, and warmly inviting everyone to join us again next Sunday. Following that, we dedicated the merit.

如果我們持續修行:大眾禪修 之 《佛子行三十七頌》開示 第十八期

阿闍黎拉帕策林首先提醒我們佛法、三學(戒、定、慧)以及佛性教義的一般意義,然後他轉向了第三與第四波羅蜜多,也就是安忍與精進的修持。那麼,我們要如何一步步接近佛果的境界呢?

創造內觀空間

我們應當從止禪的修持開始,以此來放慢我們的心識,為向內觀照創造空間。透過向內觀照,我們開始察覺自己內心的運作機制。如此一來,我們便逐漸熟悉自己,並能夠調伏與訓練內心——而這也可以理解為佛法的總體目標。

此外,無論我們認為或者感覺修持是否順利,都可以以感恩的心態來結束禪修。不論我們如何評估自己的修行表現,都應當歡喜自己願意花時間與內心相處、訓練心識。這一點同樣適用於聽聞或研習佛法。

三藏與三學

阿闍黎繼續開示,鼓勵我們這樣發心:為了利益一切有情眾生而聽聞、思考並修持佛法。佛法可以理解為佛陀所傳的教導。他進一步說明,這些教法被歸納為三類,稱為「三藏」(Tipiṭaka)。

在這三部經典彙編中,我們可以找到三學:增上戒學(或稱戒律、倫理的訓練)、增上定學(禪定的訓練),以及增上慧學(智慧的訓練)。阿闍黎以從芝麻中榨取芝麻油為例,強調只要我們願意努力,人人都可以證得一切智的佛果。為什麼會這樣呢?阿闍黎說道:

「佛的心續本性與凡夫的心續本性是無二無別的。一切有情眾生皆具佛性。」

他接著說,簡而言之,佛陀是指一切煩惱完全斷盡和智慧圓滿成就。因此,修持佛法就是為了去除我們的煩惱,增長我們的智慧。為了達成這一目標,我們需要如無著賢菩薩所指出的那樣,透過佛子的三十七種修行來累積福德與智慧,尤其是修持六度波羅蜜多。如果我們不去實踐這些修行,就會無謂地延長自己在充滿痛苦的輪迴之中停留的時間。

無瞋的安忍

在前幾節課中講解了布施與持戒的波羅蜜多之後,阿闍黎接著講解了第二十七頌,該頌所闡述的是安忍波羅蜜多:

欲享善樂之佛子
一切損害如寶藏
故於眾生無怨心
修忍辱是佛子行

(英譯 克里斯托弗·斯塔格佛子行三十七頌導引 中譯 索達吉堪布)

修習安忍並不容易。事實上,阿闍黎說,這相當困難。經典與諸菩薩——如寂天菩薩等都教導我們,安忍甚至比承受痛苦還要艱難。然而,它卻極為重要。為什麼?阿闍黎引述了寂天菩薩的《入菩薩行論》以及《菩薩藏經》加以解釋:**哪怕只是片刻的瞋怒,也可能摧毀我們長久累積的善業。因此,正如無著賢菩薩在本頌中所教導的:「修習對任何人都無怨無害的安忍」,便是這一法門的關鍵所在。

漸進成佛

儘管修習安忍頗為困難,阿闍黎分享了多種在日常生活中及修行佛法時增強安忍的方法,並教導我們應當循序漸進、一步一行地加以修持:

  • 對於傷害我們的人,我們不應將之視為敵人並試圖毀滅他們,而應視之如珍寶,向內觀照,調伏瞋怒之心。阿闍黎說道:「調伏瞋心,即是調伏一切外在之敵。」
  • 在日常情境中,例如有人在超市插隊,或我們點的咖啡味道不太對的時候,我們應當反觀自身,並思量那些行為背後可能隱藏的不為人知的困難。透過這樣的方式,我們便能逐漸擴展自己的安忍心。
  • 每當我們在修法過程中遇到困難,例如打坐時身體疼痛,或聽聞因果、空性等微細而深奧的法義時,我們不應抗拒或退縮,而應敞開心懷,培養內在的承受力與安忍力。

總而言之,若我們能夠將這類境遇帶入修行之道,並視之為珍寶,我們便能一步步趨近佛果——那圓滿一切智的無上法財。

斷除懈怠

接下來的第二十八頌教導的是如何精進修行:

唯求自利小乘士
見勤如救頭燃故
為利眾生功德源
發精進是佛子行

正如我們需要透過一步步地修習來增強安忍,我們也同樣需要漸次增長精進。若說安忍是用來對治瞋恨的波羅蜜多,那麼在修習精進波羅蜜多的過程中,我們所要對治的障礙就是懈怠。阿闍黎解釋道,經典中講到了三種懈怠,是我們必須斷除的:

  • 無所作為的懈怠:這是最常見的一種懈怠,表現為消極被動,例如只是癱坐在沙發上。
  • 執著不善行為的懈怠:與其修持佛法、成就證悟,我們卻沉迷於不善業的行為,例如獵鴨等類似活動。
  • 缺乏信心的懈怠:由於種種原因,認為自己無法成就佛果,從而不願精進修行。

如前所述,阿闍黎提醒我們關於佛性的教義:一切有情眾生皆具成佛的本質與潛能。因此,他說:「只要我們肯用心、肯精進,人人皆可認出自己的佛性,成就佛果。」

切實努力利益他人

在此頌中,無著賢菩薩指出了聲聞與緣覺二乘修行人所付出的努力。儘管他們僅為自身利益即個人的解脫而修持佛法,但他們仍能奮力精進,猶如「頭髮著火般」用功。

既已知曉聲聞與緣覺修行人尚且如此奮力修行,我們更無需多言自己在實現證悟的道路上應當付出多大的努力。畢竟,阿闍黎所教導的是:我們所走的是大乘之道,在於利益一切有情。是故,我們的精進理當勝於聲聞與緣覺二類。阿闍黎進一步指出:若我們能持續不斷地修持佛法,從每日哪怕僅僅幾分鐘開始,勤修善行,最終也必能成就一切智的佛果。

將此精神應用於學習無著賢菩薩的《佛子行三十七頌》,阿闍黎在本次「大眾禪修」課程的結尾勉勵我們:應當勤加修持,或至少定期誦讀這些偈頌;若時間允許,最好能每日閱讀。

阿闍黎說道:「即使你一時無法理解其中的意義,只要懷著利他的心去誦讀,願以此利益眾生,這些偈頌的真實義理自然會在你心中顯現。」

阿闍黎向諸位同修表示感謝,並一起迴向功德。

噶瑪巴千諾!

無望與無求:大眾禪修 之《佛子行三十七頌》開示 第十七期

在第二十二頌中,無著賢菩薩教授了「勝義菩提心」的要義。上週,我們的常駐導師阿闍黎拉帕策林對本偈及其後兩偈作了開示,指出這幾偈教導我們如何斬斷迷妄、直面實相。接下來的幾偈,則如阿闍黎所說,是指引我們如何在禪修過後或後得位中,將勝義菩提心的教義落實於實際修行之中——即以六波羅蜜多作為修行的方便與資糧。

調整呼吸 對治散亂

阿闍黎在帶領我們誦念開場祈請之後,先引導我們修習止禪。他指出,我們可以透過專注於呼吸的出入來令心安住——觀照氣息由鼻孔出入的流動。當我們發現自己的心散亂,或陷入胡思亂想時,只需簡單地將覺知帶回我們的所緣對境:也就是呼吸的流動。阿闍黎教導我們,這樣的修持應當反覆練習,持續修習。

「無論你的心散亂多少次,都沒有關係,」他如此說道:「每當散亂生起時,只需覺察它。散亂本身不是問題,我們的目標也不是『不散亂』,而是單純地察覺它的出現,並將注意力帶回呼吸上。」

我們帶著為一切眾生成就佛果的發心而修行。因而,凡此修行中所積聚之一切功德,我們皆迴向,願其成為實現此願之因。

初學佛子如何修習布施

此前我們探討了「勝義菩提心」的主題。今日我們將轉向一個新的問題:在禪定之後、於後得位中,如何將勝義菩提心落實於實修?在大乘道中,這是依止六度波羅蜜多來實現的,其中首要的修持即是「布施波羅蜜」,正如第二十五偈所開示:

欲菩提者應捨身 何況一切身外物
是故不望報異熟 布施便是佛子行

(英譯:克里斯托弗·斯塔格佛子行三十七頌導引;中譯:索達吉堪布)

阿闍黎開示道,無著賢菩薩的核心教導,是要修習「無所求」的布施——即不懷有回報之心地行布施。無論我們行何種布施,這一點都應常常銘記。然而,作為初學者,這是非常不易做到的。我們長久以來養成了一個強烈的習氣:希望自己的付出能有所回報。因此,正如阿闍黎所進一步解釋的,許多佛法修持便巧妙地利用這一習氣,引導我們這樣想:「透過此修持,我將圓滿福慧二資,證得佛果。」以如此發心,我們便能如初學佛子一般,開始修持布施等諸波羅蜜多。

勝義諦之基

從勝義菩提心和已獲得證悟之菩薩的境界來看,並無能積之人、所積之法,亦無所積之境。究竟而言,這一切均不成立。然而,阿闍黎指出,雖然證得此果是我們的終極目標,但「若不依止世俗菩提心,便無從通達勝義之諦。」他以堪布竹清嘉措仁波切常用的一個譬喻來說明:就如同飛機要升上天空(象徵勝義諦),必須依靠地面(象徵世俗諦)才能加速起飛,進而升空。

關於布施的修持,阿闍黎教導我們布施有三種類型:

  • 財布施——布施財物
  • 無畏布施——解除他人恐懼、給予安慰與庇護
  • 法布施——講授佛法、分享正法以饒益眾生

無著賢菩薩在本頌中寫道,已發願為一切眾生而成就證悟的菩薩,甚至能將身體布施出去。對此,阿闍黎開示,我們應以大乘道的背景來理解這句教言。已親證空性實相的菩薩,確實能夠如是布施,而絲毫不為之所困擾。然對於初發心的佛子們而言,則應修持前述三種布施。

按需布施

阿闍黎特別強調,修行布施並不是讓我們把所有東西隨意送出,也不是在任何時候、給任何人自己的財物。而是如印度大德寂天菩薩在《入菩薩行論》中所教導的那樣:我們應當仔細觀察對方真正的需求,以及什麼才是真正對他/她有益。

阿闍黎以多個例子解釋了我們所施予的,應當是對他人真正有益的。即便因此所給予的只是微小之物,只要能夠利益對方,那也正是我們應當布施的。此外,布施並不限於實物的給予。以身語意展現恭敬、柔和的言語、慈愛的舉止,這些亦是布施。譬如,給予一個微笑,或是在他人因恐懼而尋求依靠時,給予他們庇護與安慰,這同樣是一種布施。

儘管法布施被視為最殊勝的布施,但它並不一定總是對方所需要的。因此,即使我們的發心是好的,我們仍應考慮在那一刻對方所需為何——而非僅僅施予我們自己想要給予的東西。

有一個關鍵點必須銘記:在布施時,我們應當不求回報。否則,我們的修行便非純正,甚至招致痛苦。

前往清涼之處

無著賢菩薩在各偈頌中所教授的六度波羅蜜多,是需依照一定次第而修的。首先是布施波羅蜜,其主要目的是令我們從對世間諸事物的執著中解脫出來,為第二十六偈所教的持戒修持作好準備。

無戒自利尚不成
欲能利他豈可能
是故無存貪有心
護持淨戒佛子行

英文的 “discipline”(戒律、約束)與藏語 tshül trim,皆意圖傳達梵文“śīla”(戒)的含義。而“śīla”一詞的本義,實際上更接近於「清涼」。阿闍黎開示說,我們可以從佛陀住世之地的炎熱環境來理解這個比喻:在烈日之下,若你坐在樹蔭下,就會感受到一種清涼之感。這裡的酷熱象徵貪欲等煩惱情緒,而清涼則是指我們透過守護身、語、意(尤以身語為重)所生起的內在安穩與清淨,這便是所謂的「持戒」。

自利利他

「若我們認真思維這種『守護』或『自律持戒』的修持,」 阿闍黎說道:

「由此我們可以看清,若我們不能守護自身的身、語、意,在當今世間中,極易因此而招致種種困擾、艱難與痛苦。反之,若我們能夠自律持戒,這便成為一切善法的根本,也是一切功德資糧積聚之基。如此一來,我們便能自利且利他。」

正如無著賢菩薩所指出的,若我們連持戒都做不到,那所謂「利益他人」簡直是可笑。自身無法遠離過患,又談何利益他人?

逐步成就佛果

作為總結,並回應一位同修的提問,阿闍黎解釋說,大乘道的修行完整地涵攝於六度波羅蜜多之中。因此,若我們能修持這六度,便能證悟空性,並為一切有情眾生而成就佛果。然而,這並非易事。為什麼呢?

阿闍黎進一步開示道,作為凡夫眾生,我們內心充滿了種種煩惱情緒。其中最為強烈的,是對世間萬事萬物的貪欲執著,尤其是對「我」——即自我的執取與執著。而成佛的關鍵,正是要證悟空性與無我,因而極其困難。正因如此,我們必須循序漸進地對治煩惱,比如從逐漸調伏執著開始,使其越來越微不足道。

修持六度波羅蜜多,可理解為一條逐步調伏、對治越來越微細煩惱的道路。第一度——布施波羅蜜,其主要教導是「捨離希求回報之心」,這是在對治較粗重的貪執。第二度——持戒波羅蜜,其核心是「無輪迴貪欲而持戒」,以此防止對世間事物的執著再度生起,並進一步削弱我們的執取之心。隨著我們依次修學六度的過程,便會逐漸接近對空性的證悟,也就愈發趨近於為一切眾生成就佛果的究竟目標。阿闍黎說道:「我們最終的目標,是證得空性。但若不清除諸如貪執等煩惱違緣,是無法實現的。」這也正是為何我們在勇猛的慈悲之道上,必須修持六度波羅蜜——這便是佛子的修行。

以此為結語,我們迴向功德。

噶瑪巴千諾!

心與無明:大眾禪修 之 《佛子行三十七頌》開示 第十六期

在第十一到第二十一頌中,無著賢菩薩教導我們何為世俗菩提心。到了第二十二頌,便進入了勝義菩提心的主題,引導我們探究心之本性。第二十三和二十四頌則指出了如何破除我們對現實的無明。

我們的常駐導師阿闍黎拉帕策林解釋道,這三頌是密續、大圓滿及大手印等最高教法的核心。如果我們理解了這三頌,其實已經具足一切所需。如果沒有理解,那麼再多深奧傳承的教言也無法利益我們。

禪修中與禪修後的世俗菩提心

無著賢菩薩的《佛子行三十七頌》主要教導如何生起菩提心,也即證悟之心。它分為世俗菩提心與勝義菩提心。前者又可分為在等持或單一專注的禪修中修持菩提心,後者則是在禪修過後、日常生活中的修持。

在這兩者中,第十一頌說明如何在單一專注的禪修中修持菩提心,其重點在於將自己的快樂與他人的痛苦交換。而第十一至二十一頌則說明了如何在禪修過後修持菩提心。

勝義菩提心:心在哪裡?心是什麼?

第二十二頌教導我們勝義菩提心,其內容如下:

一切現象唯自心
心性本為離邊戲
領悟彼諸二取相
不作意是佛子行

(英譯《佛子行三十七頌導讀》克里斯托弗·史塔格,中譯《佛子行三十七頌》索達吉堪布)

無論我們是思考世俗事務還是修持佛法,都是通過心(意識)來判斷事物「應該是這樣」或「可能是那樣」。但若仔細推敲,心(意識)是真實存在的嗎?

阿闍黎鼓勵我們從感官如何與外在對象相應來深入觀察,這種相應最終會導致煩惱情緒,如貪執與嗔恨——這取決於我們是否認為某物可愛或可憎、令人愉悅或不悅。

這對我們所有的感官和它們的對象都適用:我們之所以認為某物可愛或可憎,完全是出於自己的心(意識),外在對象本身並無固有的屬性。因此,煩惱情緒產生於我們通過感官接觸外在對象時。此外,我們對事物的好惡判斷,也來自於長期養成的習氣。

清淨本源

若細細觀察,可愛與可惡、愉悅與不悅,以及我們的習氣,這些都不是心的本質。事實上,心自本初清淨。關於有無的各種分別,以及我們對某些事物的看法,都不是心的固有成分。

阿闍黎借喜馬拉雅地區民眾和科學家對於如何定位心(意識)的觀點指出:心無可尋之處。但這並不表示心不存在。如第二十二頌所言,心自本初超越了有與無的兩極。

如果我們理解無著賢菩薩在第二十二頌中指出的意義,並且知道如何實修,那麼就不再需要其他更高深的精要教法如大手印或大圓滿了。阿闍黎進一步強調:「如果我們不理解此頌,不管修學再多高深密要的教授,也無法真正領悟或嘗到其滋味。」換句話說,所有密續教法的精華,都匯聚於這一頌中,若能細緻觀修,將幫助我們生起勝義菩提心。

看穿心之無明

接下來的兩頌探討我們對外在表象的無明。第二十三頌指出我們對外在事物與愉悅經驗的無明。第二十四頌則講述我們如何誤將內在心之表象當真,並因此產生痛苦。無論哪種情形,佛子的修行都是看穿這些無明,無著賢菩薩有如下表達:

會遇悅意之境時
當視猶如夏時虹
雖然美妙然無實
斷除貪欲佛子行

諸苦如同夢子死
實執幻象極勞累
是故遭遇違緣時
視為幻景佛子行

儘管有種種顯現,我們通常認為外在或心中浮現的事物是實在的,其實它們並不具固有存在。這就是我們的無明。它們只是因緣聚合的暫時現象。阿闍黎解釋說,我們可以通過無著賢菩薩所舉的例子輕鬆理解——外相如彩虹,本身並不存在;夢中所見也非真實。但我們一旦認假為真,對其識別為可愛或可惡,我們將相應地感受到喜樂或痛苦。

在痛苦時要看穿這層無明雖較困難,但一旦我們認知到這些外在/內在的對象並不真實存在,相關的煩惱情緒也便不再生起。雖有顯現,但它們並不像我們慣常認為的那樣,是我們喜愛或厭惡的實在、持久的事物,而是如彩虹或夢境。了解這一點,我們便不會對快樂執著,也不會在痛苦中迷失。

何時禪修空性有益/無益

總結關於無明的兩頌內容時,阿闍黎指出:無論我們正在經歷痛苦還是快樂,都不應強烈執著於任一體驗,因為這些體驗及其所伴隨的煩惱,皆源於無明。

阿闍黎引用偉大的噶舉上師堪布竹清嘉措仁波切的教言指出:這並不意味著我們口渴時不喝水、餓了不吃飯、生病了不吃藥。在那樣的時刻,看穿無明的修持並無助益。我們渴了就該喝水,餓了該吃飯,病了應服藥。但若我們對快樂強烈執著,或在痛苦中迷失自己,那時就應憶念「空性」的見地,並看穿自身無明。這才是修持勝義菩提心的佛子的修行。

隨後,我們迴向了一切功德。

噶瑪巴千諾!

將瞋心與貪執納入修行之道:大眾禪修 之 《佛子行三十七頌》開示 第十五期

在開始常規的禪修練習前,我們的常駐導師阿闍黎拉帕策林介紹了春季即將在Karmapa Center 16開始的建設工程以及驅除違緣增進環境和諧的動工特別前行法會。這代表著Karmapa Center 16涅槃靈塔建設之第二階段的重要進展。

收回散亂意識

在開場祈請誦念之後,我們的常駐導師繼續引領大家修習止禪(梵語:śamatha)。阿闍黎拉帕強調,不僅身體姿態應保持安穩、脊背挺直,更應在禪修中放下一切期待。若心中生起「禪修順利與否」的念頭,應暫置一旁不予理會。若於修持中覺察心思散亂,趨向外境,「只需簡單地覺知現狀,將意識帶回當下。如此,在止禪的修持中,我們反覆收回趨於散亂的意識。」

利用煩惱情緒

本次課程,我們討論了無著賢菩薩佛子行三十七頌的第二十頌:

若未降伏自嗔心
外敵雖伏又增盛
故以慈悲之心軍
調伏自心佛子行

(《佛子行三十七頌導引》英譯 克里斯托弗·史塔格 佛子行三十七頌中譯 索達吉堪布)

當嗔心或任何一種煩惱情緒控制我們時,我們就已不再是本來的自己。阿闍黎早前曾開示,小乘修道,強調我們需遠離此類擾亂心緒的狀態。而大乘修道則教導我們如何將這些表面上的障礙轉化為修行之資糧,作為一種引導慈愛與悲心生起的方式。

重蹈覆轍

阿闍黎指出,這一頌文清晰明了,而我們也很容易在日常生活中體會到它的現實意義。環顧世界,我們可見各國彼此爭鬥、互為仇敵,企圖以壓制外敵來求得安寧,然而結果往往是敵人越除越多。阿闍黎說:「你可以看出,這種做法是行不通的,但我們卻不斷重蹈覆轍。」

我們真正應當做的,是調伏內心最危險的敵人——嗔心與憤怒。應以慈愛與悲心之軍,來對治內敵。正如印度大德寂天菩薩與阿底峽尊者所教導的,執著於降伏外在敵人毫無意義;若能調伏自心,則無異於同時戰勝了一切外緣障礙。阿闍黎亦引導我們深入思考:若執意對抗外在一切敵人,是否真的能取得勝利?

集結慈愛與悲心的大軍

正如寂天菩薩所喻,我們應以皮革包裹自己的雙腳以防受傷,而非試圖以皮革鋪蓋整個大地。同樣地,我們應當調伏自心相續,召集慈愛與悲心之軍。所謂慈愛,是願一切眾生安樂及安樂之因;所謂悲心,是願一切眾生遠離痛苦及痛苦之因。阿闍黎指出,於慈愛與悲心二者之中,我們應先集結悲心之軍,隨之,自然而然便會聚集慈愛之軍。因此,經中亦稱悲心為無上修持。如在般若攝頌經中有云:

「具大悲者,如掌中持有一切修行。」

因此,若能培養起大悲心,便能(相對)容易地成就全知之境,即究竟佛果。本頌教導地便是如何將嗔恨之境納入我們的修行之道。

鹹水

第二十一頌講解了將貪著之境納入修行之道。

一切妙欲如鹽水
如何享受貪越增
於何能生貪心物
頓時捨棄佛子行

(《佛子行三十七頌導引》英譯 克里斯托弗·史塔格 《佛子行三十七頌》中譯 索達吉堪布)

阿闍黎解釋說,當我們想到感官樂趣時,可以直接觀想五根與五境。比如,見到悅意之色、聽到悅耳之聲、嗅到芬芳之香,這些便是無著賢菩薩在本頌中所指的感官樂趣。阿闍黎分享了自己在印度求學期間,初次到海邊,親身體驗海水的故事,藉此指出感官樂趣實如鹹水一般:「若以鹹水解渴,非但不能止渴,反而愈飲愈渴,永無滿足。」因此,本頌教導我們,應當快速遠離所謂的感官樂趣。

知足之修持

那麼,「遠離貪著之境」究竟意味著什麼呢?阿闍黎開示道,這並不一定是指我們必須遷往他處、捨離所貪之物。真正的要義在於培養知足之品質。無論我們眼前擁有何物,都應生起這樣的念頭:「啊,有此已足,別無它需。」

若是為利益他人而累積財富,則可納入修持之道;但若僅為自身而積累資財,則不能成為佛子的修行。故龍樹菩薩亦云:「天人導師曾言,眾財之中,知足為最。」

丟棄外在之物

除了知足,頌文還教導我們,所有外在的東西本質上都是痛苦。為什麼呢?因為它們都是因緣和合的現象,既非獨立存在,也非永恆不變。這與佛教所說的「遍行苦」有關。無論是得到某樣東西、還是得到後去保護它,甚至它最終毀壞的那一刻,在整個過程中,痛苦始終伴隨著我們。阿闍黎舉了一個例子:比如得到我們最喜歡的車,剛開始它可能運行得非常順利。但因為它本身是因緣和合的產物,它遲早會損壞,而這種破損帶來的痛苦從我們擁有它的那一刻起就已經開始了。

因此,第二十一頌所指出的主要修行是培養知足。同時,我們需要理解所有外在的事物都是因緣和合的,因而具有痛苦的本質。意識到這一點,就相當於放下這些外在的事物。因此,像對待嗔心一樣,我們也需要學會將貪執帶入修行,將看似不利的境遇轉化為有利的條件,利益一切眾生。我們這樣做並不是試圖修復外在的事物,而是改善自己的心相續。這正是佛子的修行。

降伏並訓練心識

回顧本次課程開始時,阿闍黎拉帕將開示與修行佛法的意義相連接。首先,修行佛法的核心就是降伏我們自己的心識,這是最主要的方面。除此之外,在大乘佛法中,我們還要培養慈愛與悲心,追求佛果或覺悟,不僅僅是為了自己,而是為了所有眾生的利益。這使得阿闍黎想起了他尊貴的老師——竹慶本樂仁波切,仁波切總是強調,所有佛法修行者的實踐都可以歸結為兩個方面:降伏心識與訓練心識。仁波切教導道:「如果我們想要評估自己的修行,只需向內看,看看自己的心相續中有多少進步。」
以此作為結語,我們結束了本次課程並迴向功德。

以此作為結語,我們結束了本次課程並迴向功德。

一切盡在你我掌中:大眾禪修 之 《佛子行三十七頌》開示 第十四期

在祝願線上和線下參加本次學習的各位早安後,阿闍黎拉帕策林繼續指導我們進行禪修以及無著賢菩薩所著《佛子行三十七頌》的開示。在閱讀第十八和第十九頌後,我們應當向自己提出的問題是:如何將得與失引入我們無畏的慈悲修行之路?

菩薩的勇猛誓願

修持止禪的一部分,是時刻與菩提心相應 —— 即為了一切有情眾生的利益而發願實現證悟。在本次課程伊始,我們的常住導師特別強調了這一發心的勇猛特性及其重要意義。之所以稱之為「勇猛」,是因為我們敞開心胸接納一切眾生。我們帶著感恩之心這樣做,因為自無始以來,他們曾以種種方式在輪回中利益過我們。
這其中的重要性,也在第十八頌中得到了體現:

貧窮恆被他人欺
又遭重病及魔障
眾生諸苦己代受
無怯弱是佛子行

佛子行三十七頌導引英譯 克里斯托弗·史塔格 《佛子行三十七頌》中譯 索達吉堪布)

阿闍黎指出,「永不退轉」指的正是永不喪失菩提心——覺醒之心。為什麼這一點如此重要?他說道:「如果從一開始就沒有利益眾生的發心,我們就無法將困苦與痛苦引入我們的修行之中。」

「為什麼是我?」並非問題本源

通常,當我們面對如本頌中所指出的種種困境時,我們往往會想:「為什麼是我?為什麼總是發生在我身上?」接著,我們通常會指責他人,或對外在世界心生怨氣。然而,作為一名佛法修行者,我們應當反問自己:「這對我自己以及他人實現證悟的因緣是否有助益?」與我們的習慣相反,我們應學習善用逆境。因此,關鍵在於:我們如何將痛苦、困苦,乃至生活中一切的不如意納入修行之道?我們如何在修行中善加利用這些經驗?

證悟之養分

大乘經中,佛陀以牛糞為喻,闡明了「將一切境遇納入修行之道」的觀念。就如同農人以牛糞滋養田地,菩薩亦將一切境界——無論多麼艱難困苦——視為增上緣,轉化為修行資糧,進而邁向圓滿遍知之佛果。

如果他人沒有遭受此類困境怎麼辦?我們不應過多思慮他們擁有我們所缺乏的,而應記住我們修行的真正目的:是為了他們的福祉。我們希望他們從一切困苦與不適中解脫出來。為了將他們從痛苦中解救,我們將一切困難帶入修行之道,不僅是我們自己的困境,也包括他人的困境,帶著我們「永不退轉的」菩提心做到以上。

雖然這無疑不是一項容易的修行,但阿闍黎強調,我們可以從小處著手,逐漸地能夠將所遇到的挑戰納入修行之道,並學會用我們的快樂來交換他人的痛苦。

以正念和清明覺察對待財富與名望

第十八頌講的是將所失納入修行之道,而第十九頌則講到了所得。在佛子行三十七頌中,寫道:

眾人恭敬遍榮譽
財物量如多聞天
然知世妙無實義
無有驕傲佛子行

(《佛子行三十七頌導引》英譯 克里斯托弗·史塔格 《佛子行三十七頌》中譯 索達吉堪布)

這一頌提到了傳統佛教教義中的財神——多聞天王。然而,阿闍黎分享道,我們也可以簡單地想到當今世界中的富人。不論我們想到的是誰,無論那個人多麼富有,這一頌所傳達的信息都是一樣的:一切都是無常的。

事物的無常本性不僅適用於物質財富,也同樣適用於無著賢菩薩在這一頌中所指的其它內容,比如享有名譽、受人尊敬等。這並不難理解。我們可以找到無數例子:曾經擁有過很多的人,後來卻又失去了一切。這並不意味著這些事物本質是壞的,而是意味著它們本身沒有實質性的存在。

這些對於我們修行者意味著什麼呢?如果我們獲得了一些聲譽和財富,我們可以感恩這一切。然而,通過以正念和清明覺察對待這一切,我們能夠保持對這些事物無常本性的覺知,並培養知足常樂的心態。

膨脹的自我

正念與清醒覺察(或內省)的利益在於,它能防止我慢在我們的心續中生起。阿闍黎拉帕教導說,我慢可以比作一個氣球:「我們把我慢的氣球吹得越大,就會離證得涅槃的功德和佛果的境界越遠。」

阿闍黎解釋說,我慢會污染承載證悟功德的器皿。因此,無論我們是否擁有大量財富、享有盛名等,我們都需要時刻保持正念和內省。了知諸法無常,每一剎那都在變化,將有助於減少我們的我慢情緒。他還說:「如果我們用我慢去污染覺悟的器皿,那將既無益於自己,也無益於他人。」

你是否覺得有道理?

大乘的主要修行,對於所有走在勇猛的慈悲之路的修行者來說,就是時刻考慮如何將快樂與痛苦、舒適與不適帶入修行之中。更具體地說,菩薩將貪、嗔、癡這樣的煩惱——即三毒——帶入修行。因此,阿闍黎拉帕說道:「我們不需要擺脫煩惱情緒,而是要利用它們,藉此進一步前行。」

作為本次課程的收尾,阿闍黎提醒我們之前提到過的一點:有時候我們可能會看到一段偈文,心想,「這怎麼可能?這沒道理啊!」然而,阿闍黎指出,與其立刻做出這樣的反應,我們更應當仔細研究並思考這些經文,問自己:其中的要點是什麼?什麼對我來說是有意義的?「如果,」我們的常住導師說,「你找到了一段偈文,它能幫助你將煩惱轉化為修行,那就對了。這就是你的修行。」

阿闍黎感謝現場和線上參與我們本次修行的每一位朋友,並且與大家共同迴向功德。

噶瑪巴千諾!

Traditional Pujas and Vase Ceremony Ahead of Onsite Groundwork

From April 11 till April 19, special pujas (meditation practice with melodic chants and instruments) will be held at Karmapa Center 16 in preparation for the onsite groundwork that will begin later this spring. This is a significant step forward in our three-phased project and will literally create the foundations for the Parinirvāṇa Stupa Temple, a residence for His Holiness the 17th Karmapa, Ogyen Trinley Dorje, and two retreat houses. 

The pujas are intended to remove any obstacles, create the most auspicious conditions for the engineers, all workers, and volunteers to start our work together, and to promote environmental harmony. You are warmly invited to join our practices onsite or online, and make offerings in support of the lamas, practices, and the second phase of our Stupa Project. A link will be sent after an offering of any amount.

Schedule

Friday April 11 to Thursday, April 17

time (Central Time, UTC-6)puja
9:00–10:00 AMཟབ་ཏིག་སྒྲོལ་མ། Green Tara
10:30–12:00 PMམགོན་པོའི་བསྐང་གསོལ། Mahakala Practice 1
2:00–3:30 PMམགོན་པོའི་བསྐང་གསོལ། Mahakala Practice 2
4:00 – 5:30 PMམགོན་པོའི་བསྐང་གསོལ། Mahakala Practice 3
Schedule for KC16 pujas onsite in Wadsworth, IL, USA from April 11 to April 17, 2025
Click here to see the start time in your local time zone.

Saturday, April 19th, 2025

time (US Central Time, UTC-6)puja
10:00–12:00 PMལོ་ནག་བཅོས་བུམ། Vase Ceremony
Schedule for KC16 ceremony onsite in Wadsworth, IL, USA on April 19, 2025
Click here to see the start time in your local time zone.

Be Inspired by the Lineage of the Karmapas

We feel very fortunate to take this next step as part of creating a place for pilgrimage, study, and practice of the Dharma, the Kagyü, and especially the lineage of the Karmapas. In particular, to commemorate and be inspired by the life and teachings of His Holiness the 16th Gyalwang Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje. May all be auspicious! 

Karmapa Khyenno!

以愛與感恩作為回應:大眾禪修 之《佛子行三十七頌》開示 第十三期

為何我們每次大眾禪修課程都以禪修作為開場?在我們的日常開場祈請以及止禪練習後,阿闍黎拉帕策林對於禪修提出了一些思考。隨後他繼續針對無著賢菩薩所著佛子行三十七頌的第十六和十七頌進行了評論。這兩頌講的是如何將(他人對我們的)忘恩負義與輕視納入我們的慈悲修行之路

以禪修的方式幫助他人

在禪修課程開始時,我們重新提醒自己修行的核心目的——為了一切眾生的利益而達成真正的自由與證悟。想想身邊親友當下所處的困境,以及如今世界的種種境況,我們感同身受,並祈願眾生遠離困苦、痛苦及一切形式的苦難。

我們的常住導師指出,禪修是實現我們利益他人願望的工具。「沒有禪修,無論我們積累多少知識,都無法點燃實現證悟的火種。」為何如此?

雖然很難具體說出透過禪修能獲得什麼變化,阿闍黎拉帕策林分享道:「我深信自己因禪修的修持而避免了許多煩擾。」我們有著成就證悟、解救自己和他人脫離痛苦的願望。為了實現這一目標,我們需要非常清楚地認識自己。只有這樣,我們才能與自己的心流協調,從而改變一切,使之更好。如果不這樣做,就沒有理由期待任何好的結果出現。

「這一修行的主要目的是學習如何與自己的心流相處。這不是為了改變他人,也不僅僅是教授佛法。修行佛法是為了提升自己。隨著自我的提升,我們自然能夠更好地利益他人。」 — 阿闍黎拉帕策林

改變思維習氣

你或許會想,大乘道的修行之路究竟是怎樣的體驗。無著賢菩薩以精要的語言在《佛子行三十七頌》中教導了這一點。大乘教義的精髓都凝聚在他簡短的教誨中。接下來的頌文說明了第十六種佛子修行:

吾以如子護養人
彼若視我如怨仇
猶如母對重病兒
倍悲憫是佛子行

佛子行三十七頌導引英譯 克里斯托弗・史塔格
《佛子行三十七頌》中譯 索達吉堪布)

這一頌文,和前文一樣,也是關於我們如何與自身的習慣性傾向作鬥爭。阿闍黎拉帕策林將我們當前的心態比作「交易心態」或「商業心態」:「如果我對你好,那麼你也應該對我好。」因此,如果有人傷害了我們,我們往往會希望那個人受到傷害,並以同樣的方式回報傷害。

然而,如果我們想要證悟成佛,利益自己和他人,即使是我們曾善待的人將我們視為敵人,我們也不應報復,甚至不應對其心抱有負面想法。事實上,如果我們做出這樣的反應,我們離目標會越來越遠。相反,幫助我們的做法是仔細觀察,看看我們的心流中還有多少煩惱情緒,因為這些正是需要被清除的。

對一切眾生的無上的慈愛

在第十六頌中,無著賢菩薩不是僅僅要求我們不應當對那些傷害我們的人做出負面行為回應;相反,我們應當「給予更多的愛。」這又是為什麼呢?因為此人受煩惱情緒驅使,在做出傷害我們的行為的同時,也在逐步遠離解脫和證悟成佛的可能。

阿闍黎拉帕策林評論道,這並不意味著我們應該讓這個人繼續傷害我們或他人。事實上,這反而是缺乏慈悲的表現,因為你允許這樣的人繼續從事非善的行為。

這段頌文中舉的例子是母親對孩子的愛。雖然表面上看起來可能顯得嚴厲,但母親或任何照顧孩子的人從未有傷害孩子的意圖,始終為孩子的利益而行善事——就像老師對待學生一樣,堪布竹清嘉錯仁波切曾在對此文頌的註釋中提到這一點。

當我們面臨無著賢菩薩所述的這種情況時,我們應該問自己:在當前的情境下,做什麼才是正確的?在當下,什麼(行為)是有益的?我們是否應該保持一定的距離,或者進行一場正念的對話?

切斷惡性循環之鎖鏈

這首頌文所傳達的部分訊息是,我們需要放下所謂的三輪:主體、客體和行為。阿闍黎拉帕策林將其比作一條鎖鏈,並舉了一個例子:你把一塊你認為屬於自己(主體)的披薩給了(行動)某人(客體)。如果我們不放下這三輪,或不切斷這條鎖鏈,它將越來越把我們束縛在輪迴的世界中。此外,它還會妨礙我們的慈悲修行,特別是當我們關心的人傷害我們時。

由於大乘修行包括累積福德和智慧,我們需要行持布施等善行(福德),同時不執著於三輪(智慧)。只有這樣,我們才能成就證悟。相反的,任何出於憤怒或煩惱情緒驅使而做出的行為,只會使我們離這一目標越來越遠。

斬斷我執

如果說第十六頌講的是將(他人對我們的)忘恩負義納入修行之道,那麼第十七頌則是將他人對我們的輕蔑融入修行。前者意味著,即使我們關心的人對我們毫無感激之意,甚至未曾回報,我們依然以真摯的愛意回應;而後者則要求我們把那些在某種程度上與我們地位相當或更低,卻對我們出言不遜的人視為真正的導師:

與吾同等或下士
雖以傲慢作侮辱
吾恭敬彼如上師
恆頂戴是佛子行

佛子行三十七頌導引英譯 克里斯托弗・史塔格
《佛子行三十七頌》中譯 索達吉堪布)

阿闍黎拉帕策林在他的評釋中提到,我們的精神導師、上師、或喇嘛通常會指出我們的過失或不足,並指導我們如何學習和修行,以加以改善。同樣,那些讓我們感到痛苦的人實際上也在向我們指出一些東西。那是什麼呢?那便是我們的相續中仍然存有傲慢。

這種傲慢或我執,以及由此生起的煩惱與不善業,會使我們在通向證悟的道路上越行越遠。而由於大乘道的目標是為了利益一切眾生而成就證悟,我們在面對這樣的境遇時,不應作出反應或報復,因為這將直接違背我們的發心。相反,我們應當意識到,這樣的情形恰恰表明我們的相續中仍然存在諸多煩惱,而真正需要修持的,正是如何對治這些煩惱。

我們的常住導師解釋道,這一偈頌所傳達的核心訊息,與之前的所有偈頌並無二致:它們都在揭示我們自身所欠缺的,使我們無法實現證悟的要素。這正是無著賢菩薩所著經典的一大要旨(用阿闍黎的話來說):

「認識我們的相續意識流中存在的煩惱,並學習如何管理那些煩惱,以及把這些煩惱引入修行正道,便是佛子的修行。我們不需要把這些情緒看成是壞的或是負面的。我們唯一對自己要問的問題是,我們怎麼能夠有效地消除這些阻礙我們達到目標的心態,以及如何利用它們幫助我們開悟。」

這是所有偈頌的一個核心要點,也是阿闍黎拉帕在課程結束時特別叮囑我們銘記於心的。最後,他感謝大家參加本次大眾禪修,並帶領大家一同迴向功德,同時祝願所有人,無論身處何地,都能度過美好的一天。我們期待在下一次課程中再次與大家相見。

噶瑪巴千諾!